We previously reported that peripheral sympathetic nervous activation enhanced glucose uptake in standard laboratory chow- (SCF) and high-fat-fed (HFF) rats, and that the uptake might be mediated by PGC-1α in the soleus muscle in the SCF rats. However, blood glucose (BG) reduction was only temporal. In the present study, we investigated the effects of peripheral sympathetic activation on glycemic control. We detected sympathetic signal with a microelectrode in the unilateral sciatic nerve under anesthetic condition in the SCF and HFF rats, and conducted electrical microstimulation (MS) via the electrode for 60 min. The MS resulted in no significant change or slight elevation of BG in the SCF or HFF rats, respectively without no change in plasma insulin level. In the SCF rats, the MS elevated G6Pase mRNA expression as well as glycogen content in the liver, and reduced triglyceride (TG) content in the white adipose tissue. Conversely, the MS had no effects on these parameters in the HFF rats. These results suggest that peripheral sympathetic activation enhances glucose uptake independently of insulin in the skeletal muscle while BG level might be compensated by hepatic glucose production, and that the TG reduction in white adipose tissue may lead to glycerol supply and gluconeogenesis in the liver in the SCF but not in HFF rats.