The kidneys are highly developed organs and have a variety of functions. Currently, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (Sglt2) inhibitors are used to treat chronic kidney disease, but there are no fundamental treatments for the disease and new treatments are urgently needed. The autonomic nervous system, consisting of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Some immune cells have receptors for the neurotransmitters and respond to inflammation, such as infection, eliciting an immune response via the peripheral and central nervous system. The kidneys are very richly innervated by sympathetic nerves, while little parasympathetic innervation has been identified. Despite this, we have previously shown that vagus nerve stimulation exerts a very strong renoprotective effect. Using optogenetics and single-cell RNA-seq technology, we have also found that vagal afferent stimulation exerts tubular protective effects via medullary C1 neurons, sympathetic nerves, and spleen. Most recently, we have shown that acetylcholine-stimulated macrophages exert anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects by affecting other macrophages. In this symposium, I would like to introduce the anti-inflammatory and renoprotective mechanisms mediated by the autonomic nervous and immune systems that I have revealed and discuss for further research development.