Integration of basic pharmacology and clinical pharmacy may yield unexpected discoveries. Our basic studies showed that the thrombomodulin (TM)/thrombin (TB) system protected against the development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Then, we and an independent group provided clinical evidence that the use of anticoagulants, capable of inhibiting the TM/TB system, is associated with the aggravation of DPN and CIPN, respectively. Conversely, we showed that postmenopausal estrogen decline was associated with severe CIPN caused by paclitaxel (PIPN) in breast cancer females, and that the development of hepatic impairment following oxaliplatin treatment was associated with severe CIPN (OIPN) in cancer survivors. We then reproduced these phenomena in animal models of PIPN and OIPN, and clarified the underlying molecular mechanisms. Further, we found that hyperglycemia promoted neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells, which might contribute to acquisition of androgen-independent properties, and that the development of diabetes following hormone therapy was associated with castration resistance in prostate cancer patients. Thus, integration of basic pharmacology and clinical pharmacy is considered useful for drug development and pharmacotherapy optimization.