Chronic social stress (CSS) stemming from a low social position can result in depressive and anxiety disorders in animals and humans. However, the pathophysiology of the CSS-associated disorders is still unclear. The present study examined the effects of CSS on physiological and behavioral parameters in female cynomolgus monkeys, by comparing those parameters in subordinates and dominants housed in pairs. In the blood, subordinates had more white blood cells, fewer reticulocytes, and higher levels of low density lipoprotein than dominants. Subordinates showed not only anxiety/depression-like behaviors but also impaired negative feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and higher body temperature compared to dominants, consistent with symptoms in patients with depression. In addition, magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that subordinates showed less myo-inositol (an astroglial marker) in the amygdala compared to dominants, consistent with previous observations in patients with depression. These results indicate that cynomolgus monkeys with CSS present physiological and behavioral disorders that resemble the pathophysiology of depression in humans, and may be a useful translational animal model for further research into the mechanisms and treatments of depression.